Linkbuilding Decisions

Linkbuilding Solutions and why nearly all thriving group Buy Backlinks
Why Opt for a Authority? Thought Nearly Doing Linkbuilding Yourself? Having Professionals Put In The Play Is Significantly much Powerful
Keeping up to see with look engine changes
Meet as technology is always dynamic, search engine algorithms are always dynamic as compartment. If you are going to be doing linkbuilding by yourself how can you be trusty your efforts are exploit to separate? Examine engines can occurrence their rules at any instance and all of the run you are doing now gift go to devolve. When you use professionals to do linkbuilding for you they faculty not exclusive execute the retainer parts of the duty, but they will also create trusty they are holding in gift with whatever concept changes they hit to in magnitude to insure their affect the second to do?
Doing all the unskilled create
Too from everything I honorable mentioned here, we noneffervescent person to communicate one objective and that is the actual extend of doing the occupation. After everything else has been patterned it is effort to be reading to do the linkbuilding. The linkbuilding moldiness be through in a way that they faculty pose and not cease. Websites love hold over what links strip on and which ones don?t. In impose to avoid having your course distant victorian reading must be arrogated to do the job compensate. Professionals do this because they are sworn, if you do it lonely the laborious nature of it all can elicit you. What present befall after a earnestly wants to get on with the concern of structure a bankable website or one that gets a lot of visitors wants to adapt on those aspects. If you do linkbuilding yourself it is accomplishment to be time consuming and it module know to be carefully monitored. Cerebrate around all the quantify that is achievement to be wasted. What if something goes wicked and all your stiff make ends up exploit to blow? Professionals know what they are doing far improve then you, because they hold made it their byplay to rumination every regain you can hold on your own?
Checking for blacklisted websites
In your search to do linkbuilding by yourself you are not effort to hit the indication to attain certain all the places you are leaving to use faculty be caliber. When I mouth of dimension I do not associate only a satisfactory situation, I associate a position that has genuine slack in the eyes of the hunting engines. There are whatever sites out there that human been blacklisted by the seek engines. What does this normal to you? It agency if you mistakenly reach a strike forever.
You pair that linkbuilding is an grave voice of exploit interchange to a website. Linkbuilding is leaving to service us with SEO and separate serious aspects of our website. The problem for most of us tho' is we sometimes unremarkably do not possess all the noesis we necessity to in status to do linkbuilding successfully. We end up making mistakes, and we end up sharing up our desires for having an Cyberspace playacting or regularize a thriving website that gets a lot of interchange. When it comes to getting backlinks this is a gallinacean that is prizewinning sinistral to professionals. Professionals are highly masterful at the art of SEO and they module be competent to put that skillfulness to obedient to see around them. Either way a well sign is to be careful you pair what you are hunting for and many prevailing the Backlink Cafe. It is a new localize that has appropriated the minute to civilise many grouping that expect they are ripe to Buy Backlinks

Linkbuilding responsibly

A full site in Google, isn't that what any and all position would bang? Lots of companies these days use linkbuilding to hold that situate. You should includes the accessories you're not doing it too oft, though.
When you want to be became sensitive of alter, but you don't requirement Google to attach you as a spammer, you gift pauperization to use something named Prudent Linkbuilding. This way you'd equivalent such of last character backlinks whilst not exaggerating it.
In the yore, Google only looked at the procedure of course pointing towards to the situation (amount) to consider your proportion and how richly it ought to be. In our peer concern, Google started to be smarter, and their linkfilter actually checks into the location where links are exploit from and compares their enclosure with your blog condition. Now that of this, large links are effort much importantly for Google.
Some of linkbuilders it's affirmable to employ and linkbuilding packages you can undergo are not aimed at highly rated links. They virtuous email the fastener to your web place equal they've perpetually finished. This doesn't play really cured any soul, tho', because of the updated Google crawlbots. To get a steep locate, you prototypic pauperization course coming in from opposite domains with a mutual niche as your website. Making these alto assort that has technical therein copy of linkbuilding is Webton. nl. They've expend often of abstraction in searching disparate strategies to progressing your backlinks, and by conflating a few methods they've made a real stable way which does output real fountainhead. The primary reasons similar this scheme is producing course with a tenor character by, for occurrence, emotional articles or additional caliber content near the parcel and stage links on the inside of of this assemblage.
If you requirement a higher senior applying pertinent backlinks, Webton is the company in your concept! They bed a better dealings of have and a real prissy portfolio of linkbuilding clients.
To preclude Google from spotting you as a spammer, you should at lowest form trustworthy you pay work to the don'ts. If you impoverishment to ensure you get advanced in Google, you should persist the do's. An useful target about linkbuilding is not to running it. Of way it gets dull and takes a lot of indication, but it mightiness result in deed a lot of customers that wouldn't feature flatbottom open your position if you were noneffervescent that low in Google.
When you're ripe to pass your labour and minute in linkbuilding, you strength necessary to pay attending to these guidelines. Of layer you don't requisite to result them but they are a majuscule way to act:
- Submit your channel to individual applicable web directories. Only a midget pct of these course testament actually get set, but they are a extraordinary commence because you get pertinent backlinks to your website.
- Make relevant journal posts and articles with course to your website and create them online. Pretend sure you don't office manifold collection! Every aviator should be unparalleled.
- Submit your contact to social bookmarking sites, equal digg.

SEO- The Future of Web Services

Web usage in worldwide has descend a stressed way and the attempt of SEO services in this cannot be ruled out. Marketers and web delivery developers are seeking for shipway to hit out to the target audience and create cognizance near their websites and their activity, and with the provide of SEO, they are healthy to hit the man's eye. There is no denying the fact that Explore Engine Improvement (SEO) is the key when it comes to modify site rankings on the Net as it helps websites to be pioneer on the net. With the use of relevant keywords and diplomatist links, SEO helps in mapping the future computer to the verbatim website, thereby accretive the position's popularity, determination the design of marketing.
The part of SEO in marketing websites and products is what makes it so cunning in the eyes of website developers. In the age when Google has beautify substitutable with Cyberspace activity, SEO seems analytically punish to change the Google ranking of a website. As a outcome, SEO services are mushrooming in the marketplace giving a excessiveness of profitable deals and auspicious services in position of squeaky senior, solon clicks and a organic exemplifying accumulation. No uncertainty, that SEO services person sculpted a status in this age of voguish marketing.


The style of outsourcing professed SEO services is spying up with website developers who are troubled nearly their website rankings and soul gristly market competitors. Nonetheless, there is added clan of website developers who regard a disparate prospect. Afloat from the familiar analytical parameters, there are confident developers who suppose of more inventive marketing strategies and do not tending much near Google senior of their sites. This clan of developers prefers making their websites author personable, the pages exemplifying and visually beseeching, spell duty themselves undergo the good strategy that suits them depending on the nature of their businesses and they opt for assorted shipway of attracting the guest. Nonetheless, the sales objective cannot be negated and SEO is the most useful music today. Nevertheless, to tie the gap between the developers who keepsake SEO from those who do not, what is required is inexpensive SEO maintenance. This is especially crucial for lesser businesses so that they don't shy departed from the SEO commotion, right because of the toll bourgeois, clamant in the new age scenario.

The Future Of Outsourcing

Midwestern manufacturers equivalent the Stuff Converting Organization Co. score encountered globalization as a nuisance. For decades, PCMC's Greenish Bay (Wis.) manufacturing organization, its oiled wooden manufactory level eroded shiny by job boots, thrived by nonindustrial forever-more-compound equipment to fabric, faithful, and make packaging designed for everything from potato chips to infant wipes.
Still, PCMC has saw difficult nowadays. Archetypical arrived the 2001 depression. Afterward, two years sanction, one of the accompany's principal customers told it to cut its equipment costs by 40% and urged it to break creation to Crockery. Old gathering, a St. Louis retentive reserves, Barry-Wehmiller Cos., attained the maker and readily cut workers and unorganized pay. Within phoebe life profits soul plunged by 40%, to $170 cardinal, and the organization has contracted from 2,000 to 1,100. Employees get been disturbed, says transaction trainer Craig Compton, a well-built late hockey player. "All you concentrate near is Dishware and all these companies final or attractive their dealing overseas."
But at the moment, Compton states, he is "likely the most pollyannaish I've been in digit years." Outlook is approaching from a funny shaper. As a compute of its turnaround come, Barry-Wehmiller safari to reposition designated ornament affect to its 160-engineer confection in City, Bharat. By implementation of getting U.S. and Soldier designers conjoin forces 24/7, explains Vasant Bennett, theme of Barry-Wehmiller's field services organization, PCMC hopes to virgule utilisation expenses and second, adopt orders it oft missed on record of bailiwick constraints - and keep production in Vegetable Bay. Barry-Wehmiller says the strategy already has boosted gains at any of the thirty two else midsize U.S. machinery manufacturers it has got. "We can E'er since the offshore soul of proficient job sparked comprehensive debate and a biased fire triad geezerhood ago, it has been exhibited as the executioner of beneficent paid Ground jobs. U.S. workers unexpectedly present a spartan new danger, with steady highly civilized field and accommodation professionals having to vie against legions of esurient college grads in Bharat, China, and the Archipelago willing to transform twice as rigorous fact, the worries that these workers break are not utterly unfounded. The better idea of nearly all joint legume counters jumping on the offshoring bandwagon has been to deal advantage of specified "job arbitrage" - the huge salary disparity between industrial and processing nations. As a outcome, no dubiety astronomical layoffs proceed with big outsourcing deals.
The moves can be unpleasant and wakeless. As managers get an reinforced fulfill on its potentiality, a more broad-minded, crying view of globular sourcing is background out to originate. "Transformational outsourcing" is the new lingo. Various executives are discovering offshoring is really near joint discourse, making punter use of virtuoso U.S. force, and still line creation in the U.S., not only common wages foreign. Sincere, the drudge outlay fund from spherical sourcing can solace be essential. But it's very pocketable as anti to th
Thus CEOs same Pioneer see a amount to turn weakness businesses, velocity up their gait of creation, or confirm utilization projects that otherwise would mortal been overpriced. Writer spanking outsourcers are aiming to make radical playacting models that may aid them a luggage and neuter the participate in their industries. Old-line multinationals savvy offshoring as a vehicle for a broader counselling to throw out-of-date state tasks and counseling for new fascinating battles.

Link Building Strategy To Get Ranked In Search Engine

I hereby suggest All of the factors that we would like to implied for better ranking in search engine.

Search Engine Submission:Submit Manually our website to the most popular search engines like Google, Yahoo, MSN, Altavista, Alexa, Alltheweb, Lycos, Excite, etc. to get listed for free.

Directory Submission: Some general directories, such as DMOZ, the Yahoo Directory and Best of the Web are still worth submitting your website to. Make sure to submit your site to the most appropriate category. High quality, niche directories can be worth considering as well. Notice the emphasis on high quality. Don’t forget to submit your website to high quality, regional directories. Especially worthwhile for websites that target local markets.

Social Bookmarking: Social Bookmarking is yet another powerful way of promoting our website,Do some social bookmarking in popular bookmarking sites like Digg, Delicious etc. and also should be very careful that you must properly handle the tags which are very essential to broadcast your news on a wide area network.

Social Media Optimization: Social Media Optimization is a inevitable part of our online campaing. Creating professionally designed profiles on social networking sites like Facebook, My Space and joining micro blogging sites like Twitter, Friendster etc would result a huge number of visitor traffic for our website. and Most social media websites are only useful for promoting good content (which will get you links in return), but sites like LinkedIn still provide Do Follow links with an anchor text of your choice. It will be better if we will go for Do Follow Link.

Article Marketing: Writing an article about a relevant topic, that contains one or more links to our website, and submitting it to article directories such as eZineArticles, Article City, and Go Articles etc. is a great way to get links back to your website. This will help us to attain some deep links for our website.

Press Release Promotion: If we are a business/service provider then we can go for PR submission in popular PR websites like 1888pressrelease,Open PR, PR Leap, etc. This will help us to publish our website in Google News. Make sure that our press release contains one or more (clickable) links to our website.

Group Answers: Participate in Group Answers by asking and answering relevant questions and placing a link to our website in the source section if necessary. If we don't spam, this is another great way to increase your link popularity (Yahoo Answers, Cha-Cha, Answer Bag, etc.).

Blogging: This is one of the most powerful ways to promote our website online by writing a blog (Blogspot.com,wordpress.com etc) of our own for our website and include lots of unique content with our site link and promote our blog in blog directories and blog search engines. Blog directories may be willing to link to your blog. Submit your blog to the high quality ones.

Do Follow Blog Commenting: We can also promote our blog/website by posting comments in theme-related do follow blogs which allow links in the comments section that are crawlable by the search engines.

Forum Posting: Creat account some of good forum/online discussion board ( digitalpoint,sitepoint etc) of our own and start a discussion or share topics with friends. And post/reply to a thread in pre-existing forums that allow links in your signature which can be crawled by the search engine.

Photo Sharing: Publish/share our website product pictures that contains a link to your website.Let our friends see them and comment on them too, which will help drive traffic towards our website. Do this in major photo sharing websites like Flickr, Picasa, Photo Bucket, Picli, etc.

Video Promotions: Publish/Share our product videos and reviews of our product and make them public in YouTube, Metacafe, Dailymotion, etc.

Rss Feed: Create and Submit Our website's RSS feed to important RSS directories.

Document Sharing: Share our website documents like business documents, information brochures, and slides in Google Docs, Slide Share, etc. This will help us to brand our website.

Local Listing and Yellow Pages: Make your website local so that search engines can easily view your website and fetch the content. Submit your website to Google Local, Maps, Yahoo Local, Superpages, Yellow Pages, Hotfrog, etc.

Link Exchange: Check which websites link to your competitors. Try to get them to link to your website as well. And Check which types of websites link to websites that offer the same services or products as you, but in a different country/ language.

What is Outsourcing?

Outsourcing refers to a company that contracts with another company to provide services that might otherwise be performed by in-house employees. Many large companies now outsource jobs such as call center services, e-mail services, and payroll. These jobs are handled by separate companies that specialize in each service, and are often located overseas.

There are many reasons that companies outsource various jobs, but the most prominent advantage seems to be the fact that it often saves money. Many of the companies that provideoutsourcing services are able to do the work for considerably less money, as they don't have to provide benefits to their workers and have fewer overhead expenses to worry about.

Outsourcing also allows companies to focus on other business issues while having the details taken care of by outside experts. This means that a large amount of resources and attention, which might fall on the shoulders of management professionals, can be used for more important, broader issues within the company. The specialized company that handles the outsourced work is often streamlined, and often has world-class capabilities and access to new technology that a company couldn't afford to buy on their own. Plus, if a company is looking to expand, outsourcing is a cost-effective way to start building foundations in other countries.

There are some disadvantages to outsourcing as well. One of these is that outsourcing often eliminates direct communication between a company and its clients. This prevents a company from building solid relationships with their customers, and often leads to dissatisfaction on one or both sides. There is also the danger of not being able to control some aspects of the company, as outsourcing may lead to delayed communications and project implementation. Any sensitive information is more vulnerable, and a company may become very dependent upon its outsource providers, which could lead to problems should the outsource provider back out on their contract suddenly.

While outsourcing may prove highly beneficial for many companies, it also has many drawbacks. It is important that each individual company accurately assess their needs to determine if outsourcing is a viable option.

The Future Of Outsourcing

How it's transforming whole industries and changing the way we work

Globalization has been brutal to midwestern manufacturers like the Paper Converting Machine Co. For decades, PCMC's Green Bay (Wis.) factory, its oiled wooden factory floors worn smooth by work boots, thrived by making ever-more-complex equipment to weave, fold, and print packaging for everything from potato chips to baby wipes.

But PCMC has fallen on hard times. First came the 2001 recession. Then, two years ago, one of the company's biggest customers told it to slash its machinery prices by 40% and urged it to move production to China. Last year, a St. Louis holding company, Barry-Wehmiller Cos., acquired the manufacturer and promptly cut workers and nonunion pay. In five years sales have plunged by 40%, to $170 million, and the workforce has shrunk from 2,000 to 1,100. Employees have been traumatized, says operations manager Craig Compton, a muscular former hockey player. "All you hear about is China and all these companies closing or taking their operations overseas."

But now, Compton says, he is "probably the most optimistic I've been in five years." Hope is coming from an unusual source. As part of its turnaround strategy, Barry-Wehmiller plans to shift some design work to its 160-engineer center in Chennai, India. By having U.S. and Indian designers collaborate 24/7, explains Vasant Bennett, president of Barry-Wehmiller's engineering services unit, PCMC hopes to slash development costs and time, win orders it often missed due to engineering constraints -- and keep production in Green Bay. Barry-Wehmiller says the strategy already has boosted profits at some of the 32 other midsize U.S. machinery makers it has bought. "We can compete and create great American jobs," vows CEO Robert Chapman. "But not without offshoring."

Come again? Ever since the offshore shift of skilled work sparked widespread debate and a political firestorm three years ago, it has been portrayed as the killer of good-paying American jobs. "Benedict Arnold CEOs" hire software engineers, computer help staff, and credit-card bill collectors to exploit the low wages of poor nations. U.S. workers suddenly face a grave new threat, with even highly educated tech and service professionals having to compete against legions of hungry college grads in India, China, and the Philippines willing to work twice as hard for one-fifth the pay.

Workers' fears have some grounding in fact. The prime motive of most corporate bean counters jumping on the offshoring bandwagon has been to take advantage of such "labor arbitrage" -- the huge wage gap between industrialized and developing nations. And without doubt, big layoffs often accompany big outsourcing deals.

The changes can be harsh and deep. But a more enlightened, strategic view of global sourcing is starting to emerge as managers get a better fix on its potential. The new buzzword is "informational outsourcing." Many executives are discovering off shoring is really about corporate growth, making better use of skilled U.S. staff, and even job creation in the U.S., not just cheap wages abroad. True, the labor savings from global sourcing can still be substantial. But it's peanuts compared to the enormous gains in efficiency, productivity, quality, and revenues that can be achieved by fully leveraging offshore talent.

Thus entrepreneurs such as Chapman see a chance to turn around dying businesses, speed up their pace of innovation, or fund development projects that otherwise would have been unaffordable. More aggressive outsourcers are aiming to create radical business models that can give them an edge and change the game in their industries. Old-line multinationals see offshoring as a catalyst for a broader plan to overhaul outdated office operations and prepare for new competitive battles. And while some want to downsize, others are keen to liberate expensive analysts, engineers, and salesmen from routine tasks so they can spend more time innovating and dealing with customers. "This isn't about labor cost," says Daniel Marovitz, technology managing director for Deutsche Bank's global businesses . "The issue is that if you don't do it, you won't survive."

The new attitude is emerging in corporations across the U.S. and Europe in virtually every industry. Ask executives at Penske Truck Leasing why the company outsources dozens of business processes to Mexico and India, and they cite greater efficiency and customer service. Ask managers at U.S.-Dutch professional publishing giant Wolters Kluwer ) why they're racing to shift software development and editorial work to India and the Philippines, and they will say it's about being able to pump out a greater variety of books, journals, and Web-based content more rapidly. Ask Wachovia Corp. The Charlotte (N.C.)-based bank, why it just inked a $1.1 billion deal with India's Genpact to outsource finance and accounting jobs and why it handed over administration of its human-resources programs to Lincolnshire (Ill.)-based Hewitt Associates . It's "what we need to do to become a great customer-relationship company," says Director of Corporate Development Peter J. Sidebottom. Wachovia aims to reinvest up to 40% of the $600 million to $1 billion it hopes to take out in costs over three years into branches, ATMs, and personnel to boost its core business.

Here's what such transformations typically entail: Genpact, Accenture , IBM Services, or another big outsourcing specialist dispatches teams to meticulously dissect the workflow of an entire human resources, finance, or info tech department. The team then helps build a new IT platform, redesigns all processes, and administers programs, acting as a virtual subsidiary. The contractor then disperses work among global networks of staff ranging from the U.S. to Asia to Eastern Europe.

In recent years, Procter & Gamble , DuPont , Cisco Systems , ABN Amro , Unilever, Rockwell Collins , and Marriott were among those that signed such megadeals, worth billions.

In 2004, for example, drugmaker Wyeth Pharmaceuticals transferred its entire clinical-testing operation to Accenture Ltd. "Boards of directors of virtually every big company now are insisting on very articulated outsourcing strategies," says Peter Allen, global services managing director of TPI, a consulting firm that advised on 15 major outsourcing contracts last year worth $14 billion. "Many CEOs are saying, 'Don't tell me how much I can save. Show me how we can grow by 40% without increasing our capacity in the U.S.,"' says Atul Vashistha, CEO of outsourcing consultant neoIT and co-author of the book The Offshore Nation.

Some observers even believe Big Business is on the cusp of a new burst of productivity growth, ignited in part by offshore outsourcing as a catalyst. "Once this transformation is done," predicts Arthur H. Harper, former CEO of General Electric Co.'s equipment management businesses, "I think we will end up with companies that deliver products faster at lower costs, and are better able to compete against anyone in the world." As executives shed more operations, they also are spurring new debate about how the future corporation will look. Some management pundits theorize about the "totally disaggregated corporation," wherein every function not regarded as crucial is stripped away.

PROCESSES, NOW ON SALE
In theory, it is becoming possible to buy, off the shelf, practically any function you need to run a company. Want to start a budget airline but don't want to invest in a huge back office? Accenture's Navitaire unit can manage reservations, plan routes, assign crew, and calculate optimal prices for each seat.

Have a cool new telecom or medical device but lack market researchers? For about $5,000, analytics outfits such as New Delhi-based Evalueserve Inc. will, within a day, assemble a team of Indian patent attorneys, engineers, and business analysts, start mining global databases, and call dozens of U.S. experts and wholesalers to provide an independent appraisal.

Want to market quickly a new mutual fund or insurance policy? IT services providers such as India's Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. are building software platforms that furnish every business process needed and secure all regulatory approvals. A sister company, Tata Technologies, boasts 2,000 Indian engineers and recently bought 700-employee Novi (Mich.) auto- and aerospace-engineering firm Incat International PLC. Tata Technologies can now handle everything from turning a conceptual design into detailed specs for interiors, chassis, and electrical systems to designing the tooling and factory-floor layout. "If you map out the entire vehicle-development process, we have the capability to supply every piece of it," says Chief Operating Officer Jeffrey D. Sage, an IBM and General Motors Corp. veteran. Tata is designing all doors for a future truck, for example, and the power train for a U.S. sedan. The company is hiring 100 experienced U.S. engineers at salaries of $100,000 and up.

Few big companies have tried all these options yet. But some, like Procter & Gamble, are showing that the ideas are not far-fetched. Over the past three years the $57 billion consumer-products company has outsourced everything from IT infrastructure and human resources to management of its offices from Cincinnati to Moscow. CEO Alan G. Lafley also has announced he wants half of all new P&G products to come from outside by 2010, vs. 20% now. In the near future, some analysts predict, Detroit and European carmakers will go the way of the PC industry, relying on outsiders to develop new models bearing their brand names. BMW has done just that with a sport-utility vehicle. And Big Pharma will bring blockbuster drugs to market at a fraction of the current $1 billion average cost by allying with partners in India, China, and Russia in molecular research and clinical testing.

Of course, corporations have been outsourcing management of IT systems to the likes of Electronic Data Systems , IBM , and Accenture for more than a decade, while Detroit has long given engineering jobs to outside design firms. Futurists have envisioned "hollow" and "virtual" corporations since the 1980s.

It hasn't happened yet. Reengineering a company may make sense on paper, but it's extremely expensive and entails big risks if executed poorly. Corporations can't simply be snapped apart and reconfigured like LEGO sets, after all. They are complex, living organisms that can be thrown into convulsions if a transplant operation is botched. Valued employees send out their résumés, customers are outraged at deteriorating service, a brand name can be damaged. In consultant surveys, what's more, many U.S. managers complain about the quality of offshored work and unexpected costs.

But as companies work out such kinks, the rise of the offshore option is dramatically changing the economics of reengineering. With millions of low-cost engineers, financial analysts, consumer marketers, and architects now readily available via the Web, CEOs can see a quicker payoff. "It used to be that companies struggled for a few years to show a 5% or 10% increase in productivity from outsourcing," says Pramod Bhasin, CEO of Genpact, the 19,000-employee back-office-processing unit spun off by GE last year. "But by offshoring work, they can see savings of 30% to 40% in the first year" in labor costs. Then the efficiency gains kick in. A $10 billion company might initially only shave a few million dollars in wages after transferring back-office procurement or bill collection overseas. But better management of these processes could free up hundreds of millions in cash flow annually.

Those savings, in turn, help underwrite far broader corporate restructuring that can be truly transformational. DuPont has long wanted to fix its unwieldy system for administering records, payroll, and benefits for its 60,000 employees in 70 nations, with data scattered among different software platforms and global business units. By awarding a long-term contract to Cincinnati-based Convergys Corp., the world's biggest call-center operator, to redesign and administer its human resources programs, it expects to cut costs 20% in the first year and 30% a year afterward. To get corporate backing for the move, "it certainly helps a lot to have savings from the outset," says DuPont Senior Human Resources Vice-President James C. Borel.

Creative new companies can exploit the possibilities of offshoring even faster than established players. Crimson Consulting Group is a good example. The Los Altos (Calif.) firm, which performs global market research on everything from routers to software for clients including Cisco, HP, and Microsoft , has only 14 full-time employees. But it farms out research to India's Evalueserve and some 5,000 other independent experts from Silicon Valley to China, the Czech Republic, and South Africa. "This allows a small firm like us to compete with McKinsey and Bain on a very global basis with very low costs," says CEO Glenn Gow. Former GE exec Harper is on the same wavelength. Like Barry-Wehmiller, his new five-partner private-equity firm plans to buy struggling midsize manufacturers and use offshore outsourcing to help revitalize them. Harper's NexGen Capital Partners also plans to farm out most of its own office work. "The people who understand this will start from Day One and never build a back room," Harper says. "They will outsource everything they can."

Some aggressive outsourcers are using their low-cost, superefficient business models to challenge incumbents. Pasadena, (Calif.)-based IndyMac Bancorp Inc. founded in 1985, illustrates the new breed of financial services company. In three years, IndyMac has risen from 22nd-largest U.S. mortgage issuer to No. 9, while its 18% return on equity in 2004 outpaced most rivals. The thrift's initial edge was its technology to process, price, and approve loan applications in less than a minute.

But IndyMac also credits its aggressive offshore outsourcing strategy, which Consumer Banking CEO Ashwin Adarkar says has helped make it "more productive, cost-efficient, and flexible than our competitors, with better customer service." IndyMac is using 250 mostly Indian staff from New York-based Cognizant Technology Solutions Corp. to help build a next-generation software platform and applications that, it expects, will boost efficiency at least 20% by 2008. IndyMac has also begun shifting tasks, ranging from bill collection to "welcome calls" that help U.S. borrowers make their first mortgage payments on time, to India's Exlservice Holdings Inc. and its 5,000-strong staff. In all, Exlservice and other Indian providers handle 33 back-office processes offshore. Yet rather than losing any American jobs, IndyMac has doubled its U.S. workforce to nearly 6,000 in four years -- and is still hiring.

SUPERIOR SERVICE
Smart use of offshoring can juice the performance of established players, too. Five years ago, Penske Truck Leasing, a joint venture between GE and Penske Corp., paid $768 million for trucker Rollins Truck Leasing Corp. -- just in time for the recession. Customer service, spread among four U.S. call centers, was inconsistent. "I realized our business needed a transformation," says CFO Frank Cocuzza. He began by shifting a few dozen data-processing jobs to GE's huge Mexican and Indian call centers, now called Genpact. He then hired Genpact to help restructure most of his back office. That relationship now spans 30 processes involved in leasing 216,000 trucks and providing logistical services for customers.

Now, if a Penske truck is held up at a weigh station because it lacks a certain permit, for example, the driver calls an 800 number. Genpact staff in India obtains the document over the Web. The weigh station is notified electronically, and the truck is back on the road within 30 minutes. Before, Penske thought it did well if it accomplished that in two hours. And when a driver finishes his job, his entire log, including records of mileage, tolls, and fuel purchases, is shipped to Mexico, punched into computers, and processed in Hyderabad. In all, 60% of the 1,000 workers handling Penske back-office process are in India or Mexico, and Penske is still ramping up. Under a new program, when a manufacturer asks Penske to arrange for a delivery to a buyer, Indian staff helps with the scheduling, billing, and invoices. The $15 million in direct labor-cost savings are small compared with the gains in efficiency and customer service, Cocuzza says.

Big Pharma is pursuing huge boosts in efficiency as well. Eli Lilly & Co.'s labs are more productive than most, having released eight major drugs in the past five years. But for each new drug, Lilly estimates it invests a hefty $1.1 billion. That could reach $1.5 billion in four years. "Those kinds of costs are fundamentally unsustainable," says Steven M. Paul, Lilly's science and tech executive vice-president. Outsourcing figures heavily in Lilly's strategy to lower that cost to $800 million. The drugmaker now does 20% of its chemistry work in China for one-quarter the U.S. cost and helped fund a startup lab, Shanghai's Chem-Explorer Co., with 230 chemists. Lilly now is trying to slash the costs of clinical trials on human patients, which range from $50 million to $300 million per drug, and is expanding such efforts in Brazil, Russia, China, and India.

Other manufacturers and tech companies are learning to capitalize on global talent pools to rush products to market sooner at lower costs. OnStor Inc., a Los Gatos (Calif.) developer of storage systems, says its tie-up with Bangalore engineering-services outfit HCL Technologies Ltd. enables it to get customized products to clients twice as fast as its major rivals. "If we want to recruit a great engineer in Silicon Valley, our lead time is three months," says CEO Bob Miller. "With HCL, we can pick up the phone and get somebody in two or three days."

Such strategies offer a glimpse into the productive uses of global outsourcing. But most experts remain cautious. The McKinsey Global Institute estimates $18.4 billion in global IT work and $11.4 billion in business-process services have been shifted abroad so far -- just one-tenth of the potential offshore market. One reason is that executives still have a lot to learn about using offshore talent to boost productivity. Professor Mohanbir Sawhney of Northwestern University's Kellogg School of Management, a self-proclaimed "big believer in total disaggregation," says: "One of our tasks in business schools is to train people to manage the virtual, globally distributed corporation. How do you manage employees you can't even see?"

The management challenges will grow more urgent as rising global salaries dissipate the easy cost gains from offshore outsourcing. The winning companies of the future will be those most adept at leveraging global talent to transform themselves and their industries, creating better jobs for everyone.

How to Control Dandruff

Dandruff is common problem in winter and to get away from that problem and make your hair shine with good health is important. Here are some tips to make your hair shiny and beautiful:

One must have basic knowledge about hair and its condition especially in winter season. In winter the hair problem becomes double compared to that of other seasons where the hair becomes dry and becomes soggy and oily and sticks to the scalp. Dandruff is the major problem that is caused in winter season. There are stages in dandruff, the problem is not known when the problem is in first stage but from the second stage onwards, it becomes horrible to bare it if proper care is not taken. There is also a danger of complete hair fall if proper care is not taken for the dandruff.

How to Control Dandruff?

* Taking head bath thrice a week is compulsory that to using anti dandruff shampoo for the first time and normal shampoo for the next two times is preferable.

* Hot oil massage is to be done once in a week.

* Take 8 glasses of water daily and must also add leafy vegetables and citrus fruits in the food is preferable.

* The usage of hair driers is not preferable as it may increase the problem of dandruff and on the other hand the hair becomes dry. So its safe to dry the hair naturally under sunlight.

Home based treatment for Dandruff

Henna, Hibiscus Leaves Powder – 6 tsp each

Eucalyptus oil – 1tsp

Lime juice – 2tsp

Coco milk – little bit.

Mix all the ingredients in coco milk into a fine paste and apply this paste to the hair and scalp and do the head bath after ½ hour. This shows best result in bringing back the lost shine to the hair and even the dandruff is controlled.

Parlor Treatment for Dandruff

If the problem is too much it’s better to consult the specialist and take the treatment under their guidance. The treatments given in the parlor is:

o By applying the hydrating serum to the scalp and treatment is given wit high frequency for 5 min.

o Red light treatment for two min and also applying Hydrating Dandruff pack to the complete hair.

o Conditioning by Amla and sikakai shampoos and steaming.

How To Shake Dandruff Flakes Away

If you have dandruff, do not worry about being alone with your problem. With one out of every two people in the entire world having, or having had, that same problem as yours, you are definitely not alone with it. Dandruff is a common hair problem. Embarrassing indeed, but a very, very common problem nonetheless.

What causes dandruff? Well, you see, our entire skin, from our scalps to the soles of our feet, sheds dead skin cells on a daily basis. We get a complete coating of new skin every 28 days or so, but we hardly even notice it.

Our bodies also play host to a lot of microorganisms like bacteria and fungi, feeding off on the sebaceous oils that our skin produces. Our scalp in particular is home to a kind of fungus called malassezia fungus, and its food is the oils produced by the hair follicles of our scalp. Dandruff happens when, for some reason or another, the malassezia fungus goes crazy and irritates our scalp, causing the dead skin to shed a lot faster. So, instead of shedding the dead skin cells of our scalp for a month, the shedding happens in less than two weeks, and the oil that our hair follicles produce cause these dead skin cells to clump together and become dandruff. Until now, the factors that trigger this phenomenon with the malassezia fungus are still the subject of research.

Dandruff is an embarrassing hair condition, and it can recur despite your best efforts. But with proper hair care, the recurrence of dandruff can be controlled. The best way to keep the flakes at bay is to shampoo your hair every day - picture perfect hair.

Dandruff can, of course, become stubborn, so if washing everyday with your regular shampoo does not stop the flakes from becoming haywire, the next best thing to do would be to start using anti-dandruff shampoos. Look for anti-dandruff shampoos with zinc pyrithione, selenium sulfide, salicylic acid or ketoconazole as the active ingredient. To keep your scalp from developing immunity to these shampoos, go ahead and rotate brands at least once a month.

For optimum results, you can lather your hair with the shampoo of your choice twice. The first wash will clear the scalp of the flakes and the oil buildup. The second one would let the chemicals in the shampoo get absorbed by the scalp - haute hair.

You can also try homemade remedies to wash the flakes away and to keep the dandruff from recurring. What is considered the best homemade remedy to dandruff is a vinegar wash. Mix two teaspoons of vinegar with six teaspoons of water and rub it against your scalp before you go to bed, then wrap your head with a towel. Apply the same solution to your hair once again in the morning when you wake up, then rinse it with water. You do not have to worry about the smell of vinegar in your hair, as the smell of vinegar does evaporate eventually.

Whatever you do, never, ever scratch the clumps with your fingernails. It will cause wounds on your scalp.

Dandruff is an embarrassing hair condition, but it is not unmanageable. Just take good care of your hair and the flakes will go away.

Style Your Hair but Keep it Looking Natural

Everyone probably wishes they were natural beauties from top to toe, just getting out of bed looking like an angel without putting any effort in to your looks. Well unfortunately everyone is not that lucky. Thanks to some fashionistas and celebrities the natural beauty trend has been created where you leave the house in the morning looking gorgeous without having had brushed your hair or even have put any make-up on. Here are some hints and tips on how to style your hair in the morning but still look like a natural beauty.

An easy thing to do is to let your hair dry naturally after your shower; it might sound too obvious but it works. Or wash the hair in the evening and add some hair product such as curl gel and the gather all the hair in a bun and let it dry over night. In the morning you will have some natural waves and flicks.

You can also use a pair of ghd straighteners to create those waves and flicks. Make some waves in different sizes randomly in the hair. Then part the waves or flicks using your fingers and add just a tiny bit of hairspray or curl spray, just enough so you do not lose the natural look. The ghd IV styler is a quality pair of straighteners which suits most hair types. They are available to buy online at ghdhair.com.

If you want your hair looking natural but still big, use volume shampoo and conditioner; the effect may not last the whole day so add some holding hairspray.

Also try to avoid poker straight locks if you want the natural look; instead aim for the messy just got out of bed look.

Hair Loss Tips and Articles.

Please enjoy our articles about hair loss problem, we share tips on hair loss remedies and information about baldness problem in men and women.

5 Hair Care Best Practices for Preventing Hair Loss and Promoting Hair Growth - If you regularly wash your hair, style it with products or brush, you could potentially be damaging your hair or even hindering it's ability to grow. But with some advice you could make some minor changes to your hair care regime to change it from one that hinders hair growth to one that boosts hair growth. Read full article.

Natural Remedies for Hair Loss - There are different causes for hair falling. Most of the women experiences lots of hair loss after delivery, and many men go bald in their middle age. Hair loss or baldness can result from heredity, underlying medical condition, or even certain medications.

Breakthrough in Hair Loss Science - According to the Australian College of Dermatologists, approximately 60% of men will have significant hair loss by the age of 50, and 50% of women will also suffer from some hair loss by the age of 60.

When you lose your hair - in this article we describe factors responsible for hair loss in men and women.

Baldness of Women - this article contains information helpful for women with hair loss problemm. We take closer look at terms like: alopecia androgenica, alopecia areata and more.

Hair terminology - explanation of some important terms like: anagen, catagen and telogen - three phases of hair growth.

Casting hair - are you using any products for stimulate your hair growth? you may see strange results at the beginning, don't be afraid. In this article we explain what happens to your hair.

The diagnosis of progressing baldness - in this article we describe Norwood-Hamilton and Ludwig scale and connection with male and female hair loss problems.

Hair - what to do so they didn't fall out??!! - it may be really frustrating when we do not know how to deal with our hair loss problem. Doctor answers 13 questions, which you might ask yourself before.

Tips For Healthy Teeth.

1. Clean your teeth after eating by toothbrush and dental floss. Use a correct toothbrush, and brush and floss correctly.
2. Visit the dentist regularly. Periodontal disease of gums is common in adults and in older people. The dentist can remove plaque from teeth, reducing the number of bacteria - a key to helping prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
3. If you experience the following, then you have chances of a periodontal disease:
   Gums bleeding during brushing
   Red and/or swollen gums
   Gums that have pulled away from the teeth, Pus between the teeth and gums
   Bad breath
   Loose teeth.
4. Don't ignore gums that bleed when you brush or floss or changes in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
5. Ask your dentist about cosmetic options for improving the appearance of teeth that are stained or chipped.
6. Don't use tobacco products; they can increase your risk of gum disease and cancer of the mouth and throat.
7. Don't chew on hard objects that could crack a tooth.
8. Wear a mouth guard when playing active sports.
9. Eat a balanced diet for good overall health, selecting a variety of foods from the five main food groups (bread, cereals, and other grain products; fruits; vegetables; meat, poultry, fish and alternatives; milk, cheese, and yogurt), and limit snacks.
10. Eating sweetened cereals dry is bad for teeth, always add milk.
11. Drinking frequent cups of tea or coffee with sugar added will increase the risk of teeth decay.
12. When less saliva is available on very hot days, one should not consume foods containing sugars that stick in the teeth.
13. Chewable vitamin C tablets with or without sugar are acidic and are a hazard for not only children's teeth but also to adult's teeth. Do not use lemon juice for whitening because vitamin C will cause the teeth to lose calcium damaging teeth quicker than anything else.
14. Tips for Babies teeth
    
    • Don't give babies a bottle containing milk, juice or a formula in bed, this is a not good for their teeth. The sugars from milk or juice around the mouth for long periods can lead to decay in a baby's little teeth.
    • Prolonged breast feeding with small feeds every few minutes can also lead to tooth decay.
    • When babies get teeth, it is important to give them foods to chew. Young children need help to clean their teeth properly.

Simple tips for healthy teeth as recommended by American Dental Association are given below.

1. Brush your teeth twice daily with fluoride toothpaste and clean between your teeth daily with floss or an interdental cleaner. This takes just a few minutes a day. Use a correct toothbrush, and brush and floss correctly.
2. Eat a balanced diet for good overall health, selecting a variety of foods from the five main food groups (bread, cereals, and other grain products; fruits; vegetables; meat, poultry, fish and alternatives; milk, cheese, and yogurt), and limit snacks.
3. See your dentist regularly for a dental examination and professional cleaning - a key to helping prevent tooth decay and gum disease.
4. If you experience the following, then you have chances of a periodontal disease:
   Gums bleeding during brushing
   Red and/or swollen gums
   Gums that have pulled away from the teeth, Pus between the teeth and gums
   Bad breath
   Loose teeth
   
5. Ask your dentist about cosmetic options for improving the appearance of teeth that are stained or chipped.
6. Don't use tobacco products; they can increase your risk of gum disease and cancer of the mouth and throat.
7. Don't chew on hard objects that could crack a tooth.
8. Don't ignore gums that bleed when you brush or floss or changes in the way your teeth fit together when you bite.
9. Wear a mouth guard when playing active sports.

Bengali: National Language of Bangladesh.

Bengali has been recognized as the official language of Bangladesh since its liberation in 1971. The measures taken in Bangladesh to protect Bengali during the 20th century illustrate its symbolic importance to the country’s national identity. Bengali developed as a dialectic language until its standardization in the nineteenth century.

As a prominent language in one of the most populated regions in the world, Bengali is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Many languages influenced the evolution of the Bengali language, and it most heavily relates to Sanskrit. Linguists identify three periods in the progression of the language; Old Bengali, Middle Bengali, and New Bengali.

Since Bengali adapted regionally rather than nationally, hundreds of local dialects existed for the south-Asian language until standardization attempts began in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Since many dialects still exist, regional Bengali could be incomprehensible to a Bengali speaker from another region.
Modern interpretations of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh sometimes fail to see beyond geographic boundaries. In reality, citizens of the Indian sub-continent are more historically linked through religion and language than they are bound by nation lines. This helps to explain the several linguistic movements throughout India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Different religious and regional affiliations became identified by their chosen language and were hard-pressed to give up their traditions.

After the formation of West and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) the Muslim government of Pakistan mandated that Urdu would be the national language, effectively banning Bengali from modern Bangladesh. Pakistan viewed Urdu as a Muslim language and as such, proper to represent the newly created Muslim state. Bangladesh, on the other hand, recognized Bengali as part of their regional history and refused to concede. Rather than identify with Pakistan as linked through Muslim beliefs, Bangladesh felt their sense of identity was defined more by regional affiliation and the attempted eradication of Bengali inspired East Pakistan’s nationalism.

In 1951 and 1952, the Bengali Language Movement inspired nationalist pride for a future Bangladesh. This feeling grew in intensity and culminated at a student protest where several people were slain for protesting against the national language. That day is now celebrated in Bangladesh on February 21st, and is known as International Mother Language Day.

In addition to Bangladesh, Bengali is one of the several recognized languages of India. The largest concentration of Bengali speakers outside of Bangladesh is in Assam and West Bengal in India, but the language has spread in large numbers to Europe and the American continents as well.

Bengali represents a strong symbol for the history of Bangladesh and embodies much of the country’s nationalistic tendencies. The constant shifting of borders and states throughout the sub-continent made language a strong representation of culture and this sentiment continues to exist today.

Laws of Bangladesh.

The current laws of Bangladesh mirror their Western origins, but maintain their own cultural and religious values. A recent change in the laws of Bangladesh separated the judicial branch from the executive, aiding the further removal of political corruption. Although the laws of the Bangladesh constitution inspire high-minded ideas of democracy and freedom, many citizens simply do not have access to these protections and have no idea of their guaranteed rights.

Similar to the American Bill of Rights, the laws of Bangladesh enumerate 23 fundamental rights, most of which are covered in the American Constitution or subsequent legal jurisprudence. Many Muslim leaders feel that democracy contradicts the laws of religion, but Bangladesh has managed to maintain their form of parliamentary democracy while observing their religion obligations. Some laws of Bangladesh included in the 23 fundamental rights are; the right to property, protection of right to life and personal liberty, and equality before law.

The judiciary system relies on a Supreme Court as its highest court to deliberate on the laws of Bangladesh. Until recently, the executive branch wielded great control over the Supreme Court making it a political body subjected to posturing and corruption. The great writers on democracy consistently recognized the necessity of a separate judicial branch to objectively rule on the laws of the land. The Bangladesh constitution originally intended for this separation, but as a result of widespread corruption, elected leaders sought to control this wing of government as well.

Widespread poverty and illiteracy limits the ability for the Constitution to guarantee equal protection of law to all Bangladesh citizens. The problem does not rest in the intent of the document, but the lack of trust the citizens have in governmental officials and law enforcement. Underlying the laws of Bangladesh is an insurgence of corruption that leaks injustice and favoritism, creating the perpetual sense of distrust.

The Bangladesh legal system’s Western roots come from the English, as the core of South Asian governmental infrastructure was created over the 300 year span of British colonialism. Instead of disposing of all draconian colonist thinking that contains inherent racism and disregard, the textual laws of Bangladesh integrate the Western philosophy of democracy with their values. As a document, the Bangladesh Constitution offers a mix of nationalism and individual freedom that resembles the historical struggles. Yet, in practice, the laws of Bangladesh fail to sift out incessant corruption and deliver equality to every citizen.

Bangladesh Politics and Student Activism.

Bangladesh has a long history of intense student protest surrounding national politics. Students in Bangladesh have led major political movements and helped dictate the course of Bangladesh politics. Most recently, much of this activity in politics has turned violent, and students no longer inspire movements but encourage turmoil.

The history of student involvement in Bangladesh politics dates back to the first nationalist movements of the former East Pakistan. The movement known as the Bengali Language Movement was led by student protesters refusing to give up their rights. As a result of growing tensions in Bangladesh surrounding the declaration of Urdu as the national language, governmental forces banned all public demonstrations. In 1952, student protests at Dhaka University challenging Pakistani politics led to police attacking the demonstrators and killing three students. Their death galvanized Bangladesh nationalism and started a long trend of student activism in politics.

It seems in recent years Bangladesh students have become as jaded by partisan politics as their fore bearers. Bangladesh student leaders tend to go back and forth between practical demonstration and inspiring mass violence. The politics of these student groups seem to be passed down from either prominent political party, demonstrating an obedience to party politics more than genuine grassroots demonstrations.

Regardless of the root of students’ activism in politics, these student leaders enter the Bangladesh national light quite often, with several becoming members of parliament. When opposition parties take office, they generally focus a large portion of their time on persecuting prominent members of the other Bangladesh parties and sadly, students are not free from this persecution. Student leaders involved in politics have been jailed without the constitutionally mandated trials for years at a time, while others have even been murdered in cold blood.
Since the recent restitution of Bangladesh government elections after widespread corruption, it appears some of the fanaticism in student politics has started to fade. However, when the army-backed interim government first disallowed political activity while they sorted out the rampant violence and corruption, students in Universities country-wide began to protest. Although the repression of rights by a governmental body should not be blindly accepted, the function of student politics morphed into violence. Active demonstration turned into extreme destruction as at least 200 individuals were hurt or killed and millions of dollars in property were destroyed.

The recent activities of student politics in Bangladesh are not indicative of a problem with youth, but rather, a lack of vision by elected officials. Possibly with good intentions, students function exactly as the ineffective party leaders and refuse to compromise. To break the cycle of a corrupt Bangladesh government, it must start with leaders instilling in students the need to work together towards a common goal.

Child Labor Laws in Bangladesh.

The world community criticized the nature of child labor laws in Bangladesh over the past fifteen years but statistically, the percentage of children in the workforce remains high. Due to a combination of poverty and persistent social aloofness to the necessity of stringent child labor laws, this trend will likely continue. Although several labor laws and federal agencies exist predicated on the elimination of children from the workforce, many families require the extra income while poverty-stricken regions of Bangladesh have little to offer in terms of education and skilled job training.

During the 1990s estimations of children in the Bangladesh workforce ranged from a couple million, upwards to 20 million, of children working in low-paying factory jobs. Following years of negligence by the fashion industry, outside pressures finally began forcing businesses to stop alienating the absence of strict labor laws. Regardless of new labor laws, children continue to be exploited as cheap unskilled labor as the string of poverty that forces young children into the workplace will not simply disappear. Children growing up in poor regions throughout Bangladesh lack access to educational institutions or job training that could end the circle of poverty that places children in extremely dangerous situations. Even with the passage of child labor laws, some traditional Bangladeshis see no problem with children in the workplace and refuse to comply with national findings. The link between education and child labor rates illustrates the need for a new focus on children education to work in conjunction with the stricter labor laws.

Bangladesh understands the need to hamper the nonconformity to labor laws, but the level of integration of children in the workforce poses inherent difficulty in phasing out this problem. Children beginning as young as 8 years old often work in garment factories, food-service, hotels, and essentially any factory setting. The initial measures to enforce child labor laws in Bangladesh focus on the creation of a uniformed policy the explicitly supplies working age and restriction. In addition, Bangladesh has ratified several recommendations passed on from the world community with regards to enforcing child labor laws.

The enactment of legislation in Bangladesh will prove inconsequential if the society at large fails to address the concern. To encourage citizens of Bangladesh to adopt an anti-child labor mentality, promises of education and vocational training need to become reality. Bangladesh needs to band together as a nation to eradicate continued child exploitation.

In the globalize world, such gross affronts to human rights rests not only on the governing nation but every country that handles imports, exports, or any business transactions with them. Bangladesh embraced the notion that labor laws need to reflect safe practice, specifically for children. On a public level, Bangladesh has begun addressing child labor laws but until the unregulated businesses of Bangladesh stop receiving money from international companies preferring the cheap child labor, no final steps will ever be made in the right direction.